Cold War - 1152 Words

In the 1990’s, the Vietnamese had a lot of conflict. America, the Soviet Union, and Vietnam were the three main countries involved in this conflict. This conflict was a built from a cold war perspective. This war created many effects on the world; some were good others were bad. It was mainly between the 2 major powers, the United States, and the Soviet Union. The conflict started during the Cold War, where the two countries were being aggravated by each others ever expanding powers. The United States had enough of this when the Soviet Union sought to expand its communist government system. North Vietnam was on the communist side whilst South Vietnam was supported by countries that were against communism. The Soviet Union already had many†¦show more content†¦They thought that the soldiers were ordered to murder innocent people. The end of this war and the cold war demolished imperialism. Many people started distrusting their government and friends. The loss of the U .S. in the Vietnam War contributed to a big change in its military and government system (Bibliography, 6). On the other hand the Soviet Union gained confidence because of their big win in this small war. The Vietnam War was a turning point at which it help’s the communism takeover. After winning the war in Vietnam, the Soviet Union tried to take over Afghanistan. In conclusion, this resulted in a failure, which led the communist system to collapse and force the Soviet Union to fall deep in debt. The cold war had a major effect on the U.S. and the Soviet Union. First of all, let’s start with the effects on the United States. Their government suffered a lot due to the media. When someone received information from the Pentagon, they spread out the information to media. After getting the information, the media printed that out and passed it out to everyone. The papers had top secret government only information that talked about how their next attack. Furthermore, the U.S. government was forced to be changed by the people. They changed their military and government by adding new policies. That resulted in a major government change in the United States. The Soviets on the other hand took advantage of this halt. They sought to spread outShow MoreRelatedThe War Of The Cold War Essay1525 Words   |  7 PagesOne major war ended and another to begin. The Cold war lasted about 45 years. There were no direct military campaigns between the United States and Soviet Union. However, billions of dollars and millions of lives were lost. The United States emerged as the greatest power from World War 2. (Give Me Liberty 896) The country boasted about having the most powerful navy and air force. The United states accounted for about half of the world’s manufacturing capacity, which it alone created the atomic bombRead MoreThe War Of The Cold War757 Words   |  4 PagesAs tensions continued to augment profoundly throughout the latter half of the Cold War period, they brought forth a movement from a previous bipolar conflicting course, to one of a more multipolar nature. These tensions were now not only restricted to the Soviet Union and United states, but amongst multiple other nations of the globe. It became a general consensus that a notion of ‘peace’ was sought globally, hence, the emergence of dà ©tente. The nature of this idea in the short term conveyed itselfRead MoreThe War Of The Cold War1123 Words   |  5 PagesThe Cold War consist of tensions between the Soviets and the U.S. vying for dominance, and expansion throughout the world. Their complete different ideologies and vision of the postwar prevented them from working together. Stalin wants to punish Germany and make them pay outrageous sum of money for reparation. However, Truman has a different plan than Stalin. Truman believes that industrialization and democracy in Germany and throughout the world would ensure postwar stability. Stalin also wantedRead MoreThe Cold War1676 Words   |  7 PagesHistorical Context: The Cold War started by the end of the Second World War. The aim of this war was to spread opposing ideologies of Capitalism and Communism by the two world superpowers without the result of a hot war. The war was between the Capitalist West - namely: the United States of America, Britain and France – and Communist East – known to be Russia and all the satellite states which communism had taken over. An agreement made at the Yalta meeting of 1945 was that Germany would be dividedRead MoreThe War Of The Cold War2020 Words   |  9 Pages How Did America, With the Help Of Ronald Reagan, Win The Cold War? The Cold War was a â€Å"competition† between the Soviet Union and the United States of America, occurring from approximately 1945 through 1991. The Cold War received its name because it did not evolve into armed warfare or physical conflict. The 46-year-long war began immediately after the conclusion of World War II. Some believe it was Joseph Stalin who started it by saying, â€Å"He hated westerners in the same way as Hitler hated JewsRead MoreThe War Of The Cold War2020 Words   |  9 Pages How Did America, With the Help Of Ronald Reagan, Win The Cold War? The Cold War was a â€Å"competition† between the Soviet Union and the United States of America, occurring from approximately 1945 through 1991. The Cold War received its name because it did not evolve into armed warfare or physical conflict. The 46-year-long war began immediately after the conclusion of World War II. Some believe it was Joseph Stalin who started it by saying, â€Å"He hated westerners in the same way as Hitler hated JewsRead MoreThe War Of The Cold War1253 Words   |  6 PagesFor almost 15 years the U.S. has been in a constant state of war. Various terrorist organizations, from al-Quade, to the Taliban, and now Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS) have maintained our focus so much so that we have almost forgotten about prior threats. Ten years prior to the start of the conflict in the Middle East, the Cold War had officially concluded, ending almost 45 years of server political and military tensions between the U.S. and Russian following WWII. During thi s period ofRead MoreThe Cold War1537 Words   |  7 Pagesseem and that every mental event in life its self can be perceived and interpreted many ways which are all true for each of the participants but not as a truth for all. This fed the cold war paranoia that even your next-door neighbor would be a communist. With the impending insanity of the M.A.D. policies of the cold war cultivated a nationwide paranoia that was brought out in many films like Dr. Strange-Love. In 1967 Theodore J. Flicker wrote and produced The President s Analyst which presents theRead MoreThe War Of The Cold War2250 Words   |  9 PagesDuring the year 1945, there were quite a few reasons for the start of the Cold War. Hysteria was one of the major catalysts towards the start of the Cold War. Many American citizens shared the extensive fear of communist attacks against America, while the USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) feared the same from the Americans. Another reason being that the United Stat es wouldn’t share their advances in the study of nuclear fission due to the USSR’s aim of spreading world communism. The USSRRead MoreThe Cold War And The Soviet War911 Words   |  4 PagesThe Cold War began at the resolution of WWII and continued into the 1990’s. The Cold War was fueled by many factors such as ideological differences, mutual mistrust, America’s fear of the spread of communism, and nuclear weapons. The war ultimately resulted in the collapse of communism. The war was supported by allied nations although the main instigators of the war were Russia and the United States. A major short term factor that lead to the Cold War was USSR’s fear of America’s newly acquired

The Terrorist Attacks of 9/11 - 591 Words

The tragic events of September 11, 2001 highlighted the vulnerability to terrorist attacks. The importance of critical infrastructures to the government, people, and organization can be dependent on the vulnerability towards a national disasters, manmade hazards, and terrorist attack. Contemporary standard of what constitutes critical infrastructures has evolved as a wide array of threats has increased in modern times. Critical infrastructures represent aspects of the economy that makes the nation function as a whole and protecting America’s critical infrastructures and key assets presents an enormous challenge to the Department of Homeland Security. Understanding Critical Infrastructures Key Resources (CIKR) Critical infrastructures are interdependent on other infrastructures and if one fails the other will also (Kamien, 2012). For example, transportation is an infrastructure that has a significant linkage between resources and facilities. The Department of Homeland Security states â€Å"The nations transportation system quickly, safely, and securely moves people and goods through the country and overseas.† How is transportation critical? A highway/bridge can provide emergency transportation access to a hospital. Should the bridge collapse, resources are not being reached to the hospital. The protection of our critical infrastructures is a shared responsibility of state, local, and federal governments. However, not all infrastructures are critical. An example of aShow MoreRelatedThe Terrorist Attack on 9/11641 Words   |  3 PagesThe terrorist attack on September 9, 2001, known as 9/11, was the most devastating terrorist attack to date, due to the high death toll, the suspected secondary explosion found in the Twin Towers, and the explosion at the Pentagon. In order to learn about the 9/11 Terrorist Attack, one must learn more about what happened. On September 9, 2001, at 7:59 am, The American Airlines Flight 11 took off from Boston Logan Airport with 92 people onboard. At 8:14 am, the United Airlines Flight 175 took offRead MoreThe Terrorist Attack 9 / 11 Essay1668 Words   |  7 PagesMultiple groups and civilians have responded to the terrorist attack 9/11 in different ways, having different viewpoints, values, and ideologies. George W.Bush who was the President of the United States of America at the time of the 9/11 terrorist attacks was against what occurred. George W.Bush talks about the incident as being a monumental day in our nations history, and how he went from being a â€Å"President primarily focused on domestic issues to a war time President†, something he never anticipatedRead MoreThe Terrorist Attacks On 9 / 112048 Words   |  9 PagesAbstract The terrorist attacks on 9/11 made a great impact on our nation both economically and psychologically. This paper reviews the findings of some of the research that has been done since this tragic event. A big topic is the initial response our government had after the attack. This includes local, state and federal government. Many new emergency response protocols have been put in place based on the rescue efforts that took place that day. It took the lives of many for our country to understandRead MoreThe 9 / 11 Terrorist Attack891 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction The 9/11 terrorist attack is known as the worst in American History. A normal day on September 11th, 2001, nineteen terrorist from the Islamic terrorist group al-Qaeda prepared to hijack four planes. Two planes were flown into New York City hitting the towers of the World Trade Center. A third plane flew just right outside of Washington, D.C hitting the Pentagon. The last plane crashed into a field in Pennsylvania. All attackers got on to the planes safely and were prepared to takeRead MoreThe Terrorist Attacks Of 9 / 111645 Words   |  7 PagesSince the terrorist attacks of 9/11, the United States (US) government has focused on terrorism as the biggest threat to stability and national security in the homeland. There have been controversial laws enacted which tested an individual’s Constitutional rights versus the security of the country as a whole, military engagements in foreign countries designed to stop terrorism overseas before reaching the homeland, and a number of la w enforcement and government initiatives implemented to identifyRead MoreThe 9 / 11 Terrorist Attacks1816 Words   |  8 Pagesthere is so much to choose from. One of the most recent and most tragic events in American history were the 9/11 terrorist attacks. Hundreds of lives were lost, leading to extreme reformation of the United States surveillance and homeland security systems. The 9/11 terrorist attack was an important event in America’s history that has had lasting effects on American society. On September 11, 2001, four planes were hijacked by 19 Arab Islamist extremists and used as weapons of mass destruction. TheRead MoreThe Terrorist Attacks On 9 / 11 Essay1913 Words   |  8 PagesInstitution: Thesis Statement Since the terrorist attacks on 9/11, America has been on edge about the topic of terrorism. Groups like Al-Qaeda, Hamas, Taliban, and now more recently, ISIS, has kept the world cautious of their every next move. Looking more closely into how these groups are formed and operate could help us better understand how they can be stopped. Studying the history of terrorist organizations can help us better predict the future of terrorist organizations. Introduction TerrorismRead MoreThe Terrorist Attack Of 9 / 11 Essay2059 Words   |  9 PagesThe terrorist attack of 9/11 is one of the most devastating tragedies in the history of U.S. On the one hand, it filled American’s heart with an invariable amount of terror, but at the same time Arab Americans and Muslims were prejudicially challenged and discriminated at economic, social, and educational level. Up to a certain extent, America is a racially prejudiced country but that is just not limited to Arab American society. It includes Blacks, Italians, and Chinese with the addition of thoseRead MoreThe Roots of the Terrorist Attacks of 9/111175 Words   |  5 Pagesthe 9/11 terrorist attacks are rooted deeper than most Americans realize. The trail of historical events that led to this catastrophe are widely unknown. Many Americans believe that the war on terror began with the tragedy of the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon and ended with the death of Osama Bin Laden, but in reality, the war on terror has a long and complicated history. This paper will explore the historical events that culminated in the terrorist attack on September 11, 2001Read MoreThe Terrorist Attacks And The Aftermath Of 9 / 111037 Words   |  5 PagesTo inform my audience of the four different terrorist attacks and the aftermath of 9/11. Central Idea: On September 11, 2001 the U.S was attacked by a series of four terrorist attacks by al-Qaeda in New York City, Virginia, and Pennsylvania. Introduction â€Å"Freedom itself was attacked this morning by a faceless coward, and freedom will be defended.† This is a well known quote said by former U.S president, George W. Bush right after the 9/11 attacks and would soon be heard all around the world

Accounting Current Issues in the Accounting Theory

Question: Write about theAccountingfor Current Issues in the Accounting Theory. Answer: Introduction: The fundamental research theme is to assess the parts, applications and significance of positive accounting theory with regards to research program to make causal clarifications of human conduct in the setting of bookkeeping. In the review, the primary contentions introduced by the authors propose that, today, it is more huge and fundamental for every one of the organizations to adequately and suitably utilize the applications and ideas of PAT (positive accounting theory) to upgrade authoritative execution and efficiency as well as increase upper hands and contend in the dynamic business condition. PAT is likewise considered by the organizations as creative devices to bring development at the working environment. PAT has more extensive degree that gives an unmistakable and vital course in understanding the human conduct in setting of bookkeeping tenets, principals, standard and approaches. In addition, this theory is likewise gives approaches to organizations about how to achieve cor porate objectives by augmenting association's efficiency and gainfulness. Besides, the principle reason for the review is to get to the parts and utilizations of positive way to deal with accounting theory. In addition, the point of the review is to break down and assess the ideas of positive accounting research as a noteworthy piece of more extensive scholarly venture of logical research which intend to perceive the circumstances and end results connections. At long last, this examination study is arranged in various key parts including, presentation, and outline of article, research inquiries, essentialness and impediment of article and conclusion. Article Summary/Overview: The positive accounting has more extensive degree utilized as a part of research projects to comprehend the human conduct in the setting of bookkeeping. The examination article compress that, today a large portion of organizations are utilizing the applications and principals of positive accounting hypothesis in their associations to foresee real bookkeeping hones (Wolk, 2008). This helps them in accomplishing monetary and money related targets adequately. Additionally, it can likewise be outlined that, through the viable usage of positive accounting, business firms can assess and comprehend the occasions inside their accounting exchanges (Godfrey, Hodgson, Tarca, Hamilton, Holmes, 2010). The review is likewise compresses the hugeness of positive accounting in enormous feeling of research projects. For case, by utilizing positive hypothesis, human conduct can be adequately comprehends in setting of accounting. The positive accounting exploration is a branch of positive accounting th at utilized as a part of scholarly venture of logical research by the organizations with a specific end goal to create understanding about the cause and impact relations (Wilson, 2015). Besides, it can likewise be abridge that, in utilizing of positive accounting research; an extensive variety of inadequacies could be confronted by the organization. Be that as it may, it is additionally offer a ton of advantages to the client organization. For case, when an organization embrace more extensive scholarly venture, it might confront a few issues with respect to venture's ontological and epistemological presumptions (Dunmore, 2009). The examination article unmistakably expressed that, the real reason for the positive accounting can be distinctive and startling, on the off chance that it is not done well and set up. It shows the connection and relationship among the positive bookkeeping and positive bookkeeping research. Consequently, it is imperative to utilize positive accounting proper ly, and successfully with a specific end goal to direct the positive bookkeeping examination to get coveted results (Smith, 2014). Also, the positive accounting exploration ought to be utilized by the business firms as a worldview with a specific end goal to comprehend bookkeeping, inspecting, business and accounting related issues at the pre-decided day and age. For instance, positive accounting research as worldview would permit the bookkeepers and budgetary chiefs of the organization to defeat different issues (Dennis, 2015). There are a various hypothetical and viable/numerical techniques are utilized by the researcher in the review so as to comprehend the estimation of positive bookkeeping hypothesis and research in the business. For example, both positive accounting examination and hypothesis are essential apparatus for the today's organizations. It is on the grounds that these enable the organizations and firms to get to genuine and genuine suppositions about this present reality occasions (Mckibbin, 2005). Besides, accounting has distinctive wonder that are resourced by the procedure of adjusted self-enthusiasm between the general populations those facilitate through the express/inferred assertion in the different organizations. Besides, the accounting exploration is described with the distinctive areas of positive research that couldn't be delineated obviously on the hypothetical model (Henderson, Peirson, Herbohn, Howieson, 2015). The positive research is a great deal more important, valuable, and huge by contrasting it with positive hypothesis of bookkeeping because of positive bookkeeping research enables an organization to direct unique research projects to enhance the benefit, profitability, and work execution in a successful and legitimate way. Besides, an extensive variety of contrasts and similitude can be found among the positive research and positive accounting (Dunmore, 2009). It is likewise gotten to that, positive accounting research considers different supposition in comprehension of human conduct in bookkeeping setting. Positive accounting research manages different research wordings including epistemology and metaphysics had clarified by the writer with a specific end goal to achieve the substantial conclusion or results (Jones, 2015). Ultimately, it is outlined that, for the reason to adequately and legitimately direct the review, different hypothetical models are utilized. Additionally, different phrasings are examined as to the positive bookkeeping examinat ion and hypothesis, for example, necessity of good estimation and information chronicles (Dennis, 2015). Addressing of Research Question: In the context of this research study, to effectively attain the key objectives and aims of the study, the following key research questions are addressed. What are the major implications and applications of positive accounting theory and how this theory is related to the accounting research? (Neelan, 2007). What are the fundamental advantages of using positive accounting research and what types of deficiencies are faced by business firms in using positive accounting theory? What is the relation of PAT with the accounting research program? How to perform research programs in accounting and its roles and key purposes? How the intellectual project of scientific research is linked with the positive accounting research? (Mintz, 2013). What are the key areas of positive accounting research accounting research? Hence, all these research questions will be addressed in order to attain the key goals and objectives of the study effectively. Theoretical Framework Used In Research Article: Essentially, this exploration study is portrayed with the suitable and powerful theoretical framework related with the bookkeeping, evaluating, and back that could be utilized as a part of the genuine business to enhance general profitability and accomplish long haul money related targets. The review is likewise gives hypothetical data about the positive accounting theory and research that can be effectively comprehended by the peruser to lead additionally examine (Rao, 2006). Besides, the examination utilizes different hypothetical application and ideas as to bookkeeping, accounting, inspecting, bookkeeping hypotheses and so forth. The review is additionally offer more extensive degree for the further research and recommends how the positive bookkeeping hypothesis is connected with the positive research in bookkeeping and how to get to human conduct in setting of bookkeeping. The review is not just valuable and essential for the perusers, organizations and understudies in understand ing the hypothetical ideas of bookkeeping additionally understanding the more extensive territory of positive bookkeeping research in business (Ronen Yaari, 2008). In the meantime, the accounting ideas with respect to epistemology, metaphysics, positive accounting research, positive bookkeeping hypothesis, scholarly venture of logical research, bookkeeping research programs, inadequacies and advantages of positive bookkeeping hypothesis and research has been clarified and characterized by the exploration to satisfy the points, goals and motivation behind the review (Godfrey, Hodgson, Tarca, Hamilton, Holmes, 2010). Significance and Limitations: The primary centrality of study is that, both numerical and hypothetical strategies are utilized by the researcher with a specific end goal to build up a reasonable comprehension about the positive bookkeeping hypothesis and research. The specialist had characterized and clarified every last foremost, ideas of positive bookkeeping exploration and hypothesis. Similarly, this review is gives profundity data about the exploration subject (Godfrey, Hodgson, Tarca, Hamilton, Holmes, 2010). Besides, the review is directed adequately by the specialist by utilizing different technique for bookkeeping. Conversely, the key impediment of the review is that, the analyst had utilized more confused numerical models to speak to the review and achieve the exploration objectives. Thus, the strategies utilized by the analyst are more unpredictable and confounding to get it (Henderson, Peirson, Herbohn, Howieson, 2015). Additionally, the scientist had not legitimately centered on achieving the key ob jectives of the review; he/she had concentrated just on depicting the examination theme. Also, the review obviously shows need utilization of essential information accumulation strategy. For example, in the review essential strategy is disregarded by utilizing auxiliary wellspring of data. The review is additionally mirrors that there are no exploration inquiries, goals, and points distinguished. Henceforth, there is no connection among the examination targets and research subject (Ashton, 2013). In the same way, this research study is not only have limitations but also characterized with the various features. Conclusion: It is reasoned that, positive accounting examination is a noteworthy region of positive bookkeeping hypothesis that has more extensive degree and utilized as a part of scholarly venture by the business firms to achieve their money related and monetary goals. Positive bookkeeping research program gives particular and inventive business chances to the organizations to get to their genuine and real accounting exchanges viably. At long last, it can be inferred that, organizations ought to concentrate on positive bookkeeping exploration, projects and hypotheses with a specific end goal to accomplish their key targets successfully. Moreover, it can be said that, positive accounting theory is provides various opportunities to the business firms in order to overcome and deal with the several accounting and auditing related issues. For case, it improves productivity and brings innovation within the various functions and tasks related to the accounting. Moreover, accounting research can also b e conducted to understand the real events within the accounting transactions and policies. Overall, it can be concluded that, business firms must focus on using the applications of positive accounting theory and research to perform a wide range of accounting and financial functions at the workplace. References: Ashton, R.H. (2013). The Evolution of Behavioral Accounting Research (RLE Accounting): An Overview. UK: Routledge. Dennis, I. (2015). Auditing Theory. UK: Routledge. Dunmore, P.V. (2009). Retrieved From: https://sydney.edu.au/business/__data/assets/pdf_file/0012/59988/Paul_Dunmore_MEAFA_2010.pdf Godfrey, J., Hodgson, A., Tarca, A., Hamilton, J., Holmes, S. (2010). Accounting Theory. USA: Wiley. Henderson, S., Peirson, G., Herbohn, K. Howieson, B. (2015). Issues in Financial Accounting. USA: Pearson Higher Education AU. Jones, S. (2015). The Routledge Companion to Financial Accounting Theory. USA: Routledge. Mckibbin, W. (2005). Isoquantal Capital Modulation: A Harmonic Modeling Approach to Understanding and Managing the Investment Decision. USA: Universal-Publishers. Mintz, S. (2013). Accounting for the Public Interest: Perspectives on Accountability, Professionalism and Role in Society. USA: Springer Science Business Media, 2013 Neelan, M.H. (2007). Focus on Finance and Accounting Research. USA: Nova Publishers. Rao, P.M. (2006). Accounting Theory and Standards. USA: Deep and Deep Publications. Ronen, J., Yaari, V. (2008). Earnings Management: Emerging Insights in Theory, Practice, and Research. USA: Springer Science Business Media. Smith, M. (2014). Research Methods in Accounting. USA: SAGE. Wilson, R.M.S. (2015). Accounting Education Research: Prize-winning Contributions. UK: Routledge. Wolk, H.I. (2008). Accounting Theory: Conceptual Issues in a Political and Economic Environment. USA: SAGE.

The Oiled Paper Umbrella

Abstract Umbrellas have evolved throughout the history of ancient China, Egypt, and the Middle East. Oiled paper umbrella is a type of umbrella that emanated from China during the ancient times and has evolved and dominated the world due to its unique features.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Oiled Paper Umbrella specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The unique features of oiled paper umbrella include smooth bamboo handle, waterproof shade, light paper, and colorful collections. A study, carried out in colleges, confirmed that students prefer oiled paper umbrella as compared to other umbrellas, thus designers and entrepreneurs should target students and entire youth as potential customers of oiled paper umbrellas. Introduction The oiled paper umbrella is a special umbrella that emanated from China during the ancient times but has currently gained international recognition that, it is virtually present in all countries. Johnson argues that, versatility of oiled paper umbrella to various occasions and functions has made it gain international significance as compared to the ordinary umbrellas (8). This implies that, oiled paper umbrella has unique appeal to diverse cultures across the world due to its unique design and variable colors. Since the oiled paper umbrella has dominated the world, this project seeks to establish the unique features that are inherent in the umbrella design that make it appeal to so many people across the world. Review of the Literature As aforementioned, the oiled paper umbrella is unique umbrella that Chinese invented during the ancient times. The Chinese made the oiled umbrella using bamboo, wax, paper, and various colors that give different tastes. Royal families and emperors used red and yellow colors with special designs while ordinary people used blue or other colored umbrellas. According to Smith, oiled umbrellas serve several purposes in the Chinese cu lture in that they do not only provide shade against rain and sunshine, but also as act as artifacts of decorations in weddings and prevention of evil spirits in religious ceremonies (1). In addition, other people across the world use the oiled paper umbrella as gifts to their loved ones and souvenirs of the Chinese culture. Despite the fact that the oiled paper umbrella originated from China, it has spread across the world, because its unique design and multiple colors appeal to many people.Advertising Looking for research paper on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Methodology To establish unique features that are inherent in the oiled paper umbrella, a study was carried out in a college. The survey targeted 200 college-going students and ensured that there was gender balance to enhance the credibility of the research findings. According to Walter, the appealing features of the oiled paper umbrella include oil t hat repels water, smooth bamboo handle, and colorful designs (8). Therefore, the study hypothesized that students would cite these unique features as inherent components of the oiled paper umbrellas that have made it dominate the world’s markets with much value. In the study, the researchers interviewed 200 participants to state the umbrella they like and name its unique features. The researchers displayed four types of umbrellas with five sets, each having different colors. The study collected numerical data in terms of points. When each participant selected the desired umbrella, it was a point; moreover, every named unique feature was a point too. Expected Results The study expected that, since the oiled paper umbrella has more unique features as compared to the ordinary umbrellas, it would score more points. Edwards asserts that, artifacts that have many attractive features are more appealing than those with minimal features are (13). Hence, smooth bamboo, waterproof shade , light paper, colorful collections, and unique design of the oiled paper umbrella are many attributes that made it score more points in the survey. Comparatively, the ordinary umbrellas only have good design features and exist in colorful collections; however, they do not have bamboo and paper components plus waterproof shade. Therefore, the research findings are relevant to both designers and entrepreneurs since they give an idea about students’ preferences and tastes concerning umbrellas. Designers will employ these findings in designing customized umbrellas that target students and by extension youths, as a generalization of the findings. Moreover, entrepreneurs will employ these findings in targeting youths as potential customers of the oiled paper umbrellas. Research Project Timetable The researchers carried out the study on a weekend viz. Saturday and Sunday, between 9am and 4pm, because most of the students are free and have ample time for interviews. Between 9am and 4pm, researchers visited students at various places within the college: in hostels, classes, and field or entertainment centers. The objective of the study was to interview 200 participants, 100 males and 100 female students, in consideration of gender perception of umbrella features.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Oiled Paper Umbrella specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Resources Required The study required resources such as the interviewers who carried out the study during the two days and analyzed the data. The interviewers used questionnaires and stationery as recourses when collecting required information from participants. Other resources that were critical include samples of four types of umbrellas each having five sets of different colors. Conclusion Invention of umbrellas began a long time ago, about 4000 years, in various parts of the world such as China, Assyria, and Egypt. Bellis explains that, the ancient umbrellas functioned as shade against sun and rain, but they have evolved with time in that, they currently function as beauty artifacts in weddings, souvenirs, and gifts (5). Due to its unique and attractive features, the oiled paper umbrella has gained international recognition because international designers and fashion industries are reproducing it across the world. Currently, in Europe and the United States, the oiled paper umbrellas cost between 10 to 100 dollars, depending on quality and design of the umbrella. The study carried in a college proved that students preferred the oiled umbrella to the ordinary umbrellas. Thus, research findings are relevant to both designers and entrepreneurs of umbrellas, for they provide probable tastes and preferences of students. Works Cited Bellis, Mary. â€Å"Who Invented the Umbrella?† Invention History Database, 2011: 1-7. Edwards, Cain. â€Å"Arts and Design of Artifacts.† European Fashions and Designs, 20 10. Johnson, Kenneth. â€Å"Evolution of Oiled Paper Umbrellas.† Chinese Exhibitions, 2010: 1-4 Smith, James. â€Å"Oiled-Paper Umbrella.† Inventions of the Chinese, 2009: 1-3.Advertising Looking for research paper on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Walter, Paul. â€Å"Chinese Oiled Umbrella.† International Arts and Exhibitions, 2008: 1-13. This research paper on The Oiled Paper Umbrella was written and submitted by user Vicente Padilla to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. 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Robert Louis Stevensons Treasure Island for Study

Robert Louis Stevensons Treasure Island for Study Not only is Robert Louis Stevensons ​Treasure Island  one of the most popular childrens books in history, its had a major influence on popular culture portrayals of 19th-century pirates. It tells the story of young Jim Hawkins, cabin boy on a ship bound for an island where the treasure is believed buried. He encounters pirates who seek to overthrow the ships officers in a mutiny. Published as a series in the magazine Young Folks between 1881 and 1882, Treasure Island is notable as a childrens book because of the moral ambiguity of many of its main characters; the good guys are sometimes not so good, and its most memorable character, Long John Silver, is a classic anti-hero. The story has captured imaginations for more than a hundred years and has been adapted for film and television more than 50 times.​​ Questions for Study and Discussion Why do you think Jim goes on the journey as a cabin boy?How does Robert Louis Stevenson reveal the characters motivations in Treasure Island?Knowing that this was a serialized story when it was first published, do you have a sense of whether Stevenson plotted out the entire story before writing, or do you think he changed elements of the plot as he wrote each individual section?What are some symbols in Treasure Island?Is Jim Hawkins consistent in his actions? Is he a fully developed character?What about ​Long John Silverare his actions consistent?How easily can you identify with Jims feelings? Do you think this portrayal of a young boy seems dated, or does it stand the test of time?If this novel were written in present day, what details would have to change?Discuss how Long John Silver is or is not a father figure to Jim.Which of the characters surprises you the most?Does the story end the way you expected?How essential is the setting to the story? Could the story have taken p lace anywhere else? Besides Jim Hawkins mother, there are very few women in Treasure Island. Do you think this is important to the plot?What would a sequel to this novel have looked like? Would it be possible to continue the story?

Free Essays on Michelangelo The Optimistic Artist

Artist Michelangelo was pessimistic in his poetry and an optimist in his artwork. Michelangelo’s artwork consisted of paintings and sculptures that showed humanity in it’s natural state. Michelangelo’s poetry was pessimistic in his response to Strazzi even though he was complementing him. Michelangelo’s sculpture brought out his optimism. Michelangelo was optimistic in completing The Tomb of Pope Julius II and persevered through it’s many revisions trying to complete his vision. Sculpture was Michelangelo’s main goal and the love of his life. Since his art portrayed both optimism and pessimism, Michelangelo was in touch with his positive and negative sides, showing that he had a great and stable personality. Michelangelo’s artwork consisted of paintings and sculptures that showed humanity in it’s natural state. Michelangelo Buonarroti was called to Rome in 1505 by Pope Julius II to create for him a monumental tomb. We have no clear sense of what the tomb was to look like, since over the years it went through at least five conceptual revisions. The tomb was to have three levels; the bottom level was to have sculpted figures representing Victory and bond slaves. The second level was to have statues of Moses and Saint Paul as well as symbolic figures of the active and contemplative life- representative of the human striving for, and reception of, knowledge. The third level, it is assumed, was to have an effigy of the deceased pope. The tomb of Pope Julius II was never finished. What was finished of the tomb represents a twenty-year span of frustrating delays and revised schemes. Michelangelo had hardly begun work on the pope’s tomb when Julius commanded him to fresco the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel to complete the work done in the previous century under Sixtus IV. The overall organization consists of four large triangles at the corner; a series of e... Free Essays on Michelangelo The Optimistic Artist Free Essays on Michelangelo The Optimistic Artist Artist Michelangelo was pessimistic in his poetry and an optimist in his artwork. Michelangelo’s artwork consisted of paintings and sculptures that showed humanity in it’s natural state. Michelangelo’s poetry was pessimistic in his response to Strazzi even though he was complementing him. Michelangelo’s sculpture brought out his optimism. Michelangelo was optimistic in completing The Tomb of Pope Julius II and persevered through it’s many revisions trying to complete his vision. Sculpture was Michelangelo’s main goal and the love of his life. Since his art portrayed both optimism and pessimism, Michelangelo was in touch with his positive and negative sides, showing that he had a great and stable personality. Michelangelo’s artwork consisted of paintings and sculptures that showed humanity in it’s natural state. Michelangelo Buonarroti was called to Rome in 1505 by Pope Julius II to create for him a monumental tomb. We have no clear sense of what the tomb was to look like, since over the years it went through at least five conceptual revisions. The tomb was to have three levels; the bottom level was to have sculpted figures representing Victory and bond slaves. The second level was to have statues of Moses and Saint Paul as well as symbolic figures of the active and contemplative life- representative of the human striving for, and reception of, knowledge. The third level, it is assumed, was to have an effigy of the deceased pope. The tomb of Pope Julius II was never finished. What was finished of the tomb represents a twenty-year span of frustrating delays and revised schemes. Michelangelo had hardly begun work on the pope’s tomb when Julius commanded him to fresco the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel to complete the work done in the previous century under Sixtus IV. The overall organization consists of four large triangles at the corner; a series of e...

SARS Outbreak in Toronto Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

SARS Outbreak in Toronto - Research Paper Example But he was not sure how to communicate the crisis to the community at large. Moreover, a timeline of events occurred that led to misinformation to the public thus proving a difficult task to find ways to curb the epidemic. Many of those mistakes were preventable, for instance the World Health Organization produced numerous reports contradicting to the previous ones. In their reports the disease which had been stated as having an incubation period of two days was later said to have a ten days incubation period. For another thing, the disease was at one time thought as been bacterial, besides it being viral so this made it harder to cure the disease. Additionally, the mode of transmission was said to be through immediate contact with an infected individual but later on the virus was found that it might live on surfaces for days. Communication errors also made it difficult to manage the situation; whenever a report was released by the WHO it was not marked as important but was placed in other categories as normal flues. Moreover, there was a detachment amongst organizations. The physicians could have prioritized the urgency of the reports so as to make it easier for disease prevention. In addition to the information gap, the structure of health care systems and public health in Ontario and Toronto was another root cause of this endemic. Most hospitals in Toronto operated devoid of any local health authority leading them. Also, there were no pandemic control centers that could be delegated authority in cases of an outbreak. Lastly, spokespersons conveyed inconsistent information’s and this ensued confusion. Therefore, the core problem that led to SARS getting out of hand is misinformation by the WHO. If the reports could convey genuine information then even if there was poor communication between companies, those measures could have been put in place and would have helped to curb the endemic (Berry,

Teachers_ perceptions of the use of technology in teaching language Article

Teachers_ perceptions of the use of technology in teaching language - Article Example First an introduction has been given as to what contribution has technology made in education and especially the teaching of language. Then, teachers’ competencies and barriers to the integration of technology have been discussed. After that, various technological tools and concept are discussed like CALL and ICT, which the teachers can make use of to facilitate their language teaching process. The report is summarized in a concluding paragraph and MLA referencing style has been used properly. Introduction Since the advent of sophisticated technological means, the educators have been trying to modify the instructional process with the help of technology. According to Baker, early 1960’s brought with it â€Å"new curricula, instructional models, and approaches to individualization† (3) of instruction but the drawback with these instructional schemes was their poor management. An ideal classroom environment is so dynamic in which each student presents his own under standing and is comfortable with his own set of instructional materials. Thus, the teacher needs to organize instructional schemes in such a way that all students with their unique calibers are equally attended to. Teachers started feeling the necessity of incorporating information and communication technology in teaching language. According to Kaka, â€Å"Technology (internet) in another side can be the most effective way to increase the student’s knowledge.† Teacher Perception, Competencies and Barriers Kong and Kwok studied teacher perception of the use of information technology in teaching languages in a school in Hong Kong and examined this perception under four domains that included â€Å"teacher perception of their computer training, computer facilities and assistance available, their confidence and comfortability in using computer in daily lessons, and their perception of their roles in using IT in classrooms.† Their survey results supported the idea tha t teacher perception had a positive effect in the usage if teacher-centered technological approaches in the teaching process. They also found that the teachers and the school administration worked in a collaborative environment for the implementation and usage of IT in classrooms especially in language learning. Another similar research has been conducted by Ismail, Ghaleb and Almekhlafi (37) who studied teacher perception teaching Arabic and English languages in schools in UAE. They also found that teachers’ support and willingness to incorporate technology in their teaching languages is very important to obtain positive outcomes. They discussed the benefits of the usage of IT both for the teachers and the students and found from their qualitative and quantitative research that teacher perception should be considered seriously for better implementation of technological tools in classrooms. Hence, as Woodrow (qtd. in Ismail, Ghaleb and Almakhlefi 37) asserts, â€Å"teachers are seen to be active agents in the process of changes and implementation of new ideas as their beliefs and attitudes may support or impede the success of any educational reform such as the utilization of an innovative technology program.† Technological advances have greatly facilitated the language learning. The teachers today can use many technological too

Organizational Behavior at My Company Essay Example for Free

Organizational Behavior at My Company Essay To understand how the concept of organizational behavior can be applied and described through the work environment of My Company, I will first explore a general definition of what Organizational Behavior is and then relate how the individual components apply. According to Stephen Robbins, author of our Organizational Behavior textbook, Organizational behavior is a field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups, and structure have on behavior within organizations for the purpose of applying such knowledge toward improving an organizations effectiveness(9). The first component of this definition is to see the impact that the individuals have, followed by the impact of the groups, and then finally the impact of the structure. I will expand on each of these areas and relate them to the current practices within My Company. It is probable that the single most prevalent aspect of organizational behavior through the eyes of an employee would be the impact that they personally have on the company. What this implies, is that when I try to describe the impact individuals have to the company, it will be solely from my perspective as a non-managerial employee. Had my perspective been from that of an employee in a management-level position, it would most likely differ. From the experiences that I have had in the two and a half years that I have worked at My Company, it seems to me that individuals are encouraged to take the initiative to make their work as productive as possible. I have been part of many changes that have been initiated by non-management level employees to try and streamline and improve efficiencies within the company. This has led me to believe that one of the in-use espoused values is that of empowering all levels of employees with the ability to make changes that will directly affect their p articular areas. When evaluating the group component and how that relates to the My Company environment, I am going to make the assumption that a group is the equivalent of a department. These departmental segregations help to increase internal accountability and define what each group will be responsible for. Each group has its own independent structure and operates a little differently depending on the style of the individual manager. Many of these groups (departments) can be broken down into subgroups to further delegate  components of work. The outcome is that within each department or group there is a hierarchy where you will find different forms of leadership. Some of these subgroup leaders lead by being experts in their fields rather than having a title of being a manager. Within my group there is a distinct leader that I work for. I have found that if I am struggling with a project or if I cannot define the scope of a job that I am working on often times I can rely on help from the leader of my group to help achieve the desired results. If for some reason components (individuals) within my subgroup started to perform poorly, the outcome could have serious consequences to the productivity of our entire department. Conversely, if we were able to drastically improve performance metrics for our areas of responsibility, we would then be able to offset some work from other areas within the group. This interdependence of the subgroups has helped our group to have more control of the aspects that will impact how productively the company will continue to be going forward. Through the process of defining the groups within My Company, I have made reference to the internal group structure. Instead of rehashing this same information and tying it back to the structural component mentioned in the definition of organizational behavior, I am going to relate how my manager is able to structure her team to be as effective and productive as possible. Looking through the four essential management functions (Robbins 5) defined in our reading material, (planning, organizing, leading and controlling) I am able to see how my manager struggles to constantly apply these ideas in her day to day responsibilities. Our group organizes weekly meetings where we try to plan what tasks we would like to undertake in the near future. My manager is responsible for keeping these meetings in focus so that overall group objectives are met. Through controlling and delegating within these meetings, she has shown the ability to lead our group and utilize different strengths of individuals to maximize our effectiveness. Being able to take more of an observational role in this situation has helped me to understand the different idiosyncrasies that exist within our company and department. By identifying these quirks I feel that I am able to better understand how many of the different internal components and people must work together in order to achieve desired results. This has helped me to recognize, at least  at the group level, how one can utilize many of the resources to maximize efficiencies within My Company. Works Cited Robbins, Stephen. Organizational Behavior. New Jersey: Pearson, 2001.

The Metamorphosis- Critical Essay -- essays research papers

Frank Kafka is considered one of the most influential writers of all time. Helmut Richter would agree with this statement. Richter agreed that Kafka was a very prominent figure in world literature and was amazed by his mechanics and word usage. I feel that his essay is supportive of Kafka’s writing, but also leaves out many important details in its brevity. Richter did not include Kafka’s flaws and tendencies in his essay. Helmut Richter analyzed the plot of The Metamorphosis in his essay. He depicts the main plot of the story to be Gregor’s failure at his work, which leads to his death. The climax of the story starts off early in the book. When Gregor wakes up one morning, he realizes that he has turned into a giant insect. Gregor was a salesman and his job required that he was very determined in his work. Kafka proves to us that Gregor did not do a good job as a salesman by transforming into a bug: a strong work force. Kafka’s use of this metaphor stresses the poor work that Gregor does as a salesman. Many people would argue that Kafka reflects his personal life in The Metamorphosis. These people would describe it as an autobiographical work. Kafka’s parents were very similar to that of Gregor. He was born into a wealthy family and his father was an overbearing man. His mother was a very nice woman, as Gregor’s was in the novel, but she often took the side of his father. The striking resemblance of the families is that of Gregor’s sister. Kafka’s sister, like Gregor’s si...

Coming of Age Essay

There have always been challenges that a young adolescent must make to become an adult. Whether it was one hundred years ago, or today in this day and age, the challenges are ever so present. Unfortunately, the challenges faced back then were far more harsh and difficult for the young adults compared to the present. They lacked the technology, resources, and knowledge we now possess today. Most jobs one hundred years ago had to be physically done by people, not machines, which the 21st century seems to love. Although times are now different in the sense of materials and knowledge, the society and traditional structure of becoming an â€Å"adult† still stands; you get a job, you get married – you are an adult. There are plenty more things that need to be done and prepared for before even entering the work world, let alone becoming an adult. One hundred years ago, someone my age would have already been working on a farm or in a warehouse with production of some sort. They might be already married with a baby on the way and one already born. Life was very out of the ordinary compared to what we are accustomed to today. A young person was considered an adult at a very early age, typically because he/she started working very young to provide for a family. Life expectancy one hundred years ago, if you survived birth without any antibiotics, was not very long. For women it was fifty-six and men, fifty-two. Due to the short-lived lives of parents, children had no choice but to learn how to fend for themselves in this wild world we call life. Almost all of these jobs, lacking any requirement for education, were not the safest, cleanest, or best paying jobs. Not everyone went straight to work; some had the luxury of going to school to further their education so that they may obtain a good, high paying job. Those who were lucky enough to have the money to pay for an education are the ones who set the high demand for education in the world today. Only the children of the wealthy were educated, and they became wealthy as well. That was the mind set, which led to current day policy. Everyone goes to school. There are some people that go straight to work after high school. Similar to one hundred years ago, the jobs they obtain typically are not the highest paying jobs that require less education, typically are labor union jobs or â€Å"off the books† working. In this country, you need an education if you want to work anywhere, even at McDonalds. Education has become such a big part of the world today.

Cognitive linguistics Essay

The cognitive linguistics enterprise is characterized by two fundamental commitments (Lakoff 1990). These underlie both the orientation and approach adopted by practicing cognitive linguists, and the assumptions and methodologies employed in the two main branches of the cognitive linguistics enterprise: cognitive semantics, and cognitive approaches to grammar, discussed in further detail in later sections. The first key commitment is the Generalization Commitment (Lakoff 1990). It represents a dedication to characterizing general principles that apply to all aspects of human language. This goal is just a special subcase of the standard commitment in science to seek the broadest generalizations possible. In contrast to the cognitive linguistics approach, other approaches to the study of language often separate the language faculty into distinct areas such as phonology (sound), semantics (word and sentence meaning), pragmatics (meaning in discourse context), morphology (word structure), syntax (sentence structure), and so on. As a consequence, there is often little basis for generalization across these aspects of language, or for study of their interrelations. This is particularly true of formal linguistics. Formal linguistics attempts to model language by positing explicit mechanical devices or procedures operating on theoretical primitives in order to produce all the possible grammatical sentences of a given language. Such approaches typically attempt precise formulations by adopting formalisms inspired by computer science, mathematics and logic. Formal linguistics is embodied most notably by the work of Noam Chomsky and the paradigm of Generative Grammar, as well as the tradition known as Formal Semantics, inspired by philosopher of language Richard Montague. Within formal linguistics it is usually argued that areas such as phonology, semantics and syntax concern significantly different kinds of structuring principles operating over different kinds of primitives. For instance, a syntax ‘module’ is an area in the mind concerned with structuring words into sentences, whereas a phonology ‘module’ is concerned with structuring sounds into patterns permitted by the rules of any given language, and by human language in general. This modular view of mind reinforces the idea that modern linguistics is justified in separating the study of language into distinct sub-disciplines, not only on grounds of practicality, but because the components of language are wholly distinct, and, in terms of organization, incommensurable. Cognitive linguists acknowledge that it may often be useful to treat areas such as syntax, semantics and phonology as being notionally distinct. However, given the Generalization Commitment, cognitive linguists do not start with the assumption that the ‘modules’ or ‘subsystems’ of language are organized in significantly divergent ways, or indeed that wholly distinct modules even exist. Thus, the Generalization Commitment represents a commitment to openly investigating how the various aspects of linguistic knowledge emerge from a common set of human cognitive abilities upon which they draw, rather than assuming that they are produced in encapsulated modules of the mind. The Generalization Commitment has concrete consequences for studies of language. First, cognitive linguistic studies focus on what is common among aspects of language, seeking to re-use successful methods and explanations across these aspects. For instance, just as word meaning displays prototype effects – there are better and worse examples of referents of given words, related in particular ways – so various studies have applied the same principles to the organization of morphology (e.g., Taylor, 2003), syntax (e.g., Goldberg, 1995), and phonology (e.g., Jaeger & Ohala, 1984). Generalizing successful explanations across domains of language isn’t just a good scientific practice – it is also the way biology works; reusing existing structures for new purposes, both on evolutionary and developmental timescales. Second, cognitive linguistic approaches often take a ‘vertical’, rather than a ‘horizontal’ strategy to the study of language. Language can be seen as composed of a set of distinct layers of organisation – the sound structure, the set of words composed by these sounds, the syntactic structures these words are constitutive of, and so on. If we array these layers one on top of the next as they unroll over time (like layers of a cake), then modular approaches are horizontal, in the sense that they take one layer and study it internally – just as a horizontal slice of cake. Vertical approaches get a richer view of language by taking a vertical slice of language, which includes phonology, morphology, syntax, and of course a healthy dollop of semantics on top. A vertical slice of language is necessarily more complex in some ways than a horizontal one – it is more varied and textured – but at the same time it affords possible explanations that are simply unavailable from a horizontal, modular perspective. The second commitment is termed the Cognitive Commitment (Lakoff 1990). It represents a commitment to providing a characterization of the general principles for language that accord with what is known about the mind and brain from other disciplines. It is this commitment that makes cognitive linguistics cognitive, and thus an approach which is fundamentally interdisciplinary in nature. Just as the Generalization Commitment leads to the search for principles of language structure that hold across all aspects of language, in a related manner, the Cognitive Commitment represents the view that principles of linguistic structure should reflect what is known about human cognition from the other cognitive and brain sciences, particularly psychology, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, and philosophy. In other words, the Cognitive Commitment asserts that models of language and linguistic organization proposed should reflect what is known about the human mind, rather than purely aesthetic dictates such as the use of particular kinds of formalisms or economy of representation (see Croft 1998 for discussion of this last point). The Cognitive Commitment has a number of concrete ramifications. First, linguistic theories cannot include structures or processes that violate known properties of the human cognitive system. For instance, if sequential derivation of syntactic structures violates time constraints provided by actual human language processing, then it must be jettisoned. Second, models that use known, existing properties of human cognition to explain language phenomena are more parsimonious than those that are built from a priori simplicity metrics. For example, quite a lot is known about human categorization, and a theory that reduces word meaning to the same mechanisms responsible for categorization in other cognitive domains is simpler than one that hypothesizes a separate system for capturing lexical semantics. Finally, it is incumbent upon the cognitive linguistic researcher to find convergent evidence for the cognitive reality of components of any proffered model or explanation. Having briefly set out the two key commitments of the cognitive linguistics enterprise, we now briefly map out the two, hitherto, best developed areas of the field. Cognitive linguistics practice can be roughly divided into two main areas o research: cognitive semantics and cognitive (approaches to) grammar. The area of study known as cognitive semantics is concerned with investigating the relationship between experience, the conceptual system, and the semantic structure encoded by language. In specific terms, scholars working in cognitive semantics investigate knowledge representation (conceptual structure), and meaning construction (conceptualization). Cognitive semanticists have employed language as the lens through which these cognitive phenomena can be investigated. Consequently, research in cognitive semantics tends to be interested in modelling the human mind as much as it is concerned with investigating linguistic semantics. A cognitive approach to grammar is concerned with modelling the language system (the mental ‘grammar’), than the nature of mind per se. However, it does so by taking as its starting points the conclusions of work in cognitive semantics. This follows as meaning is central to cognitive approaches to grammar.4 It is critical to note that although the study of cognitive semantics and cognitive approaches to grammar are occasionally separate in practice, this by no means implies that their domains of inquiry are anything but tightly linked –most work in cognitive linguistics finds it necessary to investigate both lexical semantics and grammatical organization jointly. As with research in cognitive semantics, cognitive approaches to grammar have also typically adopted one of two foci. Scholars such as Ronald Langacker have emphasized the study of the cognitive principles that give rise to linguistic organization. In his theory of Cognitive Grammar, Langacker has attempted to delineate the principles that structure a grammar, and to relate these to aspects of general cognition. The second avenue of investigation, pursued by researchers including Fillmore and Kay, Lakoff),Goldberg and more recently Bergen and Chang (2005) and Croft (2002), aims to provide a more descriptively and formally detailed account of the linguistic units that comprise a particular language. These researchers attempt to provide a broad-ranging inventory of the units of language, from morphemes to words, idioms, and phrasal patterns, and seek accounts of their structure, compositional possibilities, and relations. Researchers who have pursued this line of investigation are developing a set of theories that are collectively known as construction grammars. This general approach takes its name from the view in cognitive linguistics that the basic unit of language is a form-meaning pairing known as a symbolic assembly, or a construction. Cognitive semantics, like the larger enterprise of which it is a part, is not a unified framework. Those researchers who identify themselves as cognitive semanticists typically have a diverse set of foci and interests. However, there are a number of guiding principles that collectively characterize a cognitive approach to semantics. In this section we identify these guiding principles (as we see them). In section 5 we explore some of the major theories and research areas which have emerged under the ‘banner’ of cognitive semantics. The four guiding principles of cognitive semantics are as follows: i) Conceptual structure is embodied (the ‘embodied cognition thesis’) ii) Semantic structure is conceptual structure iii) Meaning representation is encyclopaedic iv) Meaning construction is conceptualization Conceptual structure is embodied Due to the nature of our bodies, including our neuro-anatomical architecture, we have a species-specific view of the world. In other words, our construal of ‘reality’ is mediated, in large measure, by the nature of our embodiment. One example of the way in which embodiment affects the nature of experience is in the realm of color. While the human visual system has three kinds of photoreceptors (i.e., color channels), other organisms often have a different number. For instance, the visual system of squirrels, rabbits and possibly cats, makes use of two color channels, while other organisms, including goldfish and pigeons, have four color channels. Having a different range of color channels affects our experience of color in terms of the range of colors accessible to us along the color spectrum. Some organisms can see in the infrared range, such as rattlesnakes, which hunt prey at night and can visually detect the heat given off by other organisms. Humans are unable to see in this range. The nature of our visual apparatus – one aspect of our embodiment – determines the nature and range of our visual experience. The nature of the relation between embodied cognition and linguistic meaning is contentious. It is evident that embodiment underspecifies which color terms a particular language will have, and whether the speakers of a given language will be interested in ‘color’ in the first place (Saunders, 1995; Wierzbicka, 1996). However, the interest in understanding this relation is an important aspect of the view in cognitive linguistics that the study of linguistic meaning construction needs to be reintegrated with the contemporary study of human nature. The fact that our experience is embodied – that is, structured in part by the nature of the bodies we have and by our neurological organization – has consequences for cognition. In other words, the concepts we have access to and the nature of the ‘reality’ we think and talk about are a function of our embodiment. We can only talk about what we can perceive and conceive, and the things that we can perceive and conceive derive from embodied experience. From this point of view, the human mind must bear the imprint of embodied experience. This thesis, central to cognitive semantics, is known as the thesis of embodied cognition. This position holds that conceptual structure (the nature of human concepts) is a consequence of the nature of our embodiment and thus is embodied. Semantic structure is conceptual structure The second guiding principle asserts that language refers to concepts in the mind of the speaker rather than, directly, to entities which inhere in an objectively real external world. In other words, semantic structure (the meanings conventionally associated with words and other linguistic units) can be equated with conceptual structure (i.e., concepts). This ‘representational’ view is directly at odds with the ‘denotational’ perspective of what cognitive semanticists sometimes refer to as objectivist semantics, as exemplified by some formal approaches to semantics. However, the claim that semantic structure can be equated with conceptual structure does not mean that the two are identical. Instead, cognitive semanticists claim that the meanings associated with linguistic units such as words, for example, form only a subset of possible concepts. After all, we have many more thoughts, ideas and feelings than we can conventionally encode in language. For example, as Langacker (1987) observes, we have a concept for the place on our faces below our nose and above our mouth where moustaches go. We must have a concept for this part of the face in order to understand that the hair that grows there is called a moustache. However, there is no English word that conventionally encodes this concept (at least not in the non-specialist vocabulary of everyday language). It follows that the set of lexical concepts, the semantic units conventionally associated with linguistic units such as words is only a subset of the full set of concepts in the minds of speaker-hearers.

THE BUBONIC PLAGUE Essays - Plague, Bubonic Plague, Yersinia Pestis

THE BUBONIC PLAGUE Essays - Plague, Bubonic Plague, Yersinia Pestis THE BUBONIC PLAGUE Rana Kundu Introduction Plague, was a term that was applied in the Middle Ages to all fatal epidemic diseases, but now it is only applied to an acute, infectious, contagious disease of rodents and humans, caused by a short, thin, gram-negative bacillus. In humans, plague occurs in three forms: bubonic plague, pneumonic plague, and septicemic plague. The best known form is the bubonic plague and it is named after buboes, or enlarged, inflamed lymph nodes, which are characteristics of the plague in the groin or neck or armpit. Bubonic plague can only be transmitted by the bite of any of numerous insects that are normally parasitic on rodents and that seek new hosts when the original host dies. If the plague is left untreated it is fatal in thirty to seventy five percent of all cases. Mortality in treated cases is only five to ten percent. History Of The Bubonic Plague The origin of the bubonic plague is unknown but it may have started in Africa or India. Colonies of infected rats were established in Northern India, many years ago. Some of these rodents had infected traders on the route between the Middle East and China. After 1330 the plague had invaded China. From China it was transferred westward by traders and Mongol armies in the 14th century. While these traders were travelling westward they followed a more northerly route through the grasslands of what is now Russia, thus establishing a vast infected rodent population there. In 1346 the disease reached Crimea and found its way to Europe in 1347. The outbreak in Europe was a devastating one, which resulted in more than 25 million deaths-about twenty five percent of the continent's whole population. After that the plague reappeared irregularly in many European cities until the early 18th century, when it suddenly stopped there. No explanation has ever been given for the plague's rapid disappearance. Symptoms and Causes The first symptoms of the bubonic plague are headache, vomiting, nausea, aching joints and a feeling of ill health. The lymph nodes of the groin or of the armpit or neck suddenly start to become swollen and painful. The pulse and respiration rate of a bubonic plague victim is increased, and the victim will become listless and exhausted. The buboes will swell until they are approximately the size of a chicken egg. If a case is nonfatal than the temperature will begin to fall in about five days, and approaches normal in about two weeks, but in fatal cases death will probably occur within four days. Yersinia Pestis, an infectious agent is the cause of the Bubonic Plague. Yersina Pestis is a bacteria, which means the cells lack the internal organization of eukaryotic cells. These bacteria cells would contain the membrane but they would not be able to subdivide the inside of the cell. These bacteria cells do not have a nucleus so instead they have a nucleiod that contains genetic material. The two types of bacteria cells are gram-negative and gram-positive. Yersina Pestis is gram negative and that means that antibiotics are less effective on the plague because of a lipopolysaccharide layer over their walls that adds extra protection. Lymphatic System The bubonic plague has a major impact on the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system is made up of lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, lymphoid organs and circulating lymphocytes. Plague victims tend to have large bumps on their bodies which are called "buboes". These are actually swollen lymph nodes filled with puss. The spread of the infection causes the lymph nodes to become hard and painful. The lymph nodes are heavily concentrated in the neck, armpits, and groin. When a person becomes ill these areas will begin to swell because the body needs to make a vast amount of white blood cells to fight off whatever pathogen has entered the body. To make all parts of the body function properly the "electron transport chain" is needed. Yersina pestis releases a toxin into the body that obstructs this function from occurring. Prevention and Treatment Many preventive measures can be used to reduce the spread of the plague (sanitation, killing of rats, prevention in transport of rats). Individuals who contract the disease are isolated, fed fluids and put to bed. During World War II, scientists using sulfa

Nathan Bedford Forrest

Nathan Bedford Forrest, one of the military geniuses of American history, was born July 13, 1821 in Bedford County, Tennessee. Nathan Forrest was the son of William and Marian Beck Forrest. Nathan's father Willaim died when he was only 16. Forrest rose from poverty to become a wealthy cotton planter, horse and cattle trader, real estate broker, and slave dealer. Nathan Forrest was perhaps the most interesting and controversial general of the civil war. This almost illiterate backwoodsman was a self-made millionaire who enlisted as a private in the Confederate Army in June of 1861 and with no prior military training rose to the rank of lieutenant general in 1865 and has also been called the greatest cavalry commander of either army. Without military education or training, he became the annoyance of Grant, Sherman, and almost every other Union general who fought in Tennessee, Alabama, or Kentucky. His formula for success was "get there first with the most men." Forrest w!as fe arless and brutal. "War means fightin' and fightin' means killin'," he explained. His nemesis General William Tecumseh Sherman called him "a devil" and declared that Forrest should be "hunted down and killed if it costs 10,000 lives and bankrupts the treasury." It is said that Forrest personally killed 31 men and had 29 horses shot out from under him. Forrest left his mark throughout the Western and at many sites in West and Middle Tennessee. During the years General Nathan Bedford Forrest was a leader he fought in many wars. At the Battle of Fort Donelson, where 13,000 Confederates surrendered to General U.S. Grant, Forrest declared that he had not come to surrender and led his men through swollen rivers and winter weather to the safety of Nashville. At Pittsburgh Landing he charged and routed a line of Union skirmishes by himself in defense of the retreating rebel army. In Murfreesboro, Tennessee he freed a garrison jail

How Corporate Social Responsibility and Corporate Reputations Affect Dissertation

How Corporate Social Responsibility and Corporate Reputations Affect Profitability - Dissertation Example POSE 32 3.4.RESEARCH APPROACH 32 3.5.RESEARCH STRATEGY 33 3.6.RESEARCH METHOD 34 3.7.DATA COLLECTION 35 3.7.1.Secondary data collection: 36 3.7.2.Questionnaire For Primary Data 36 3.8.POPULATION AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUE 37 3.9.ETHICAL ISSUES 38 3.10.LIMITATIONS 38 3.11.RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY OF RESEARCH 38 3.12.SUMMARY 39 Chapter 4: Data Analysis 40 4.1.INTRODUCTION: 40 4.2.DATA ANALYSIS: 40 4.3.ANALYSIS: 50 4.4.SUMMARY 52 CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION 53 5.1.INTRODUCTION 53 5.2.SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS 53 5.3.MANAGERIAL IMPLICATION 57 5.4.RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE STUDY 58 References 60 Table of Figures Figure 1: OCCUPATION OF RESPONDENTS: 41 Figure 2: IMPACT OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY ON PROFITABILITY 42 Figure 3: IMPORTANT FACTORS FOR EFFECTIVE CSR STRATEGY 44 Figure 4: REASONS OF ADOPTING CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY 46 Figure 5: BARRIERS IN ACCOMMODATING CSR IN THE COMPANY’S OPERATIONS 48 Figure 6: IMPORTANCE OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IN TODAY’S ENVI RONMENT: 50 â€Å"HOW CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND CORPORATE REPUTATION AFFECTS PROFITABILITY?† Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1. INTRODUCTION The introduction chapter provides special attention regarding the concepts associated with Corporate Social Responsibility, and Corporate Reputation and its impact on organizational profitability. In addition, this chapter encompasses the research aims and objectives along with the significance of the study. This chapter further highlights the plan of the study i.e. the research methods used along with the conceptual framework. Lastly, this chapter includes the overall summary of the dissertation. 1.2. INTRODUCTION TO STUDY During the last two decades, organizations have grown significant concerns regarding Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Through CSR, organizations have been describing their contributions towards the community while balancing the organization’s impact on the environment. With the passage of time, organi zations have extended their responsibilities towards CSR as it has helped the organizations to promote sustainable growth on company’s core business activities. Businesses have long pursued their single most dominant motive i.e. profit. Significant changes have been observed from earlier days to the modern world. One of the prominent changes includes the utmost attention towards the development of community and society. In simpler words, the concept of giving the society back has greatly impacted the profitability of the businesses in local and international markets. Today the profitability of the company is fueled through its attention on social responsibilities. Due to the very reason, the

Impact of sea ice loss on Arctic ecosystem(Indigenous people, marine Essay

Impact of sea ice loss on Arctic ecosystem(Indigenous people, marine birds) - Essay Example This paper explains the effects that will cause problems and obstacles for the indigenous people living in these areas along with them the wildlife ecosystems such as the marine birds. This paper will also look into the possible environment that the Arctic community will eventually live through. The Impact of the Warming Arctic The change in the climate and the effects it has caused in the Arctic region may possibly be one of, if not the most critical ecological concern threatening and endangering the Arctic ecosystem.  This region, the northernmost part of the Earth, is home to various native communities whose way of life and daily activities is shaped, influenced and based on the environment and the surroundings. This area is also home to the abundant wildlife that thrives there. The Arctic region is naturally and ethnically very special and delicate. However, their sensitivity can be a problem. Because a slight change in the overall climate and weather in this zone, even as litt le as half a degree, the gradual global warming could risk the life of an entire society and culture. The rapid rise in the temperature is currently becoming more and more evident, resulting in the intensification of the loss of sea ice in the Arctic ecosystem. Now, it is a fact that the Arctic inhabitants were challenged in the past as they needed to adapt to the extreme cold and freezing weather with sub-zero temperatures. In time, they were able to adjust and for a time, were thriving in this Arctic community. However, the recent gradual changes in the climate could mean that the wildlife biodiversity and the communities who are living in this area will have to be faced with new obstacles and challenges. The several groups of indigenous people such as the Inuit are currently dealing with a number of problems and difficulties in their everyday lives. The drastic negative effects are now becoming a serious issue and concern for these people, as they fear that soon, if no proper cou rse of action will be taken, then their entire society and the whole entire community will no longer thrive and exist and will be gone forever. During the last decade, the people in the region have noticed different environmental changes. One of these is the loss of a great amount of ice sheets and when ice melts, what remains is the dry harsh desert. Another environmental problem is the thinning of the ice, which has resulted to difficulty in traveling and stranded hunters. Arctic hunters are having a harder time building igloos, which are impermanent or emergency shelters due to the change in the snow conditions. They are also starting to be more careful when chasing and going for animals. These animals have also changed. Caribou and other animals have decreased greatly in population. They also appear to be unhealthier, looking much skinnier than they used to. In addition, because of the increasing temperatures and the fact that Arctic people are not used to this as they are accus tomed to the cold, reports of sunburns and rashes have increased. The melting permafrost, or the permanently frozen land, has damaged and destroyed a couple of houses and roads, and have also caused erosion, unsteadiness and landslides. Moreover, since rain is less occurring, water from a few rivers and ponds are not anymore

Violent Media is Good for Kids Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Violent Media is Good for Kids - Essay Example The author argues that Violent Media is Good for Kids. This is brought out clearly when the author begins by talking about his childhood experiences in the first paragraph. Despite the fact that he does not mention this thesis out rightly, he talks about how a violent comic book transformed him from a state of loneliness and being passive to being a conqueror of his fears. Later on in the essay, he says that such positive transformation is because of violent media and therefore parents should therefore not be quick to judge that violent media materials are necessarily a bad influence to children. The author chose to exemplify the theme of his story through a discussion of how violent media positively affects the life of kids. This keeps readers want to read more and find out the manner in which violent media is advantageous to kids. It makes the author’s story more captivating and interesting.  The thesis of the article is adequately supported. Even though there are no stati stics used in the article, the author uses examples to expand on his thought.   Gerard Jones has given a personal example of how a violent comic book turned him in to a successful writer of violent comic books and movies. He also speaks of his son who had fears of climbing a tree. In the fifth paragraph of the article, he says, â€Å"In the first grade, his friends started climbing a tree at school. However, he was afraid: of falling, of the centipedes crawling on the trunk, of sharp branches, of his friends' derision.

Fashion Culture Essay Example for Free

Fashion Culture Essay Fashion is a general term for a popular style or practice, especially in clothing, footwear, accessories, makeup, body piercing or furniture. Fashion refers to a distinctive; however, often-habitual trend in a look and dress up of a person, as well as to prevailing styles in behavior. Fashion usually is the newest creations made by designers and are bought by only a few number of people; however, often those fashions are translated into more established trends. [1] The more technical term, costume, has become so linked in the public eye with the term fashion that the more general term costume has in popular use mostly been relegated to special senses like fancy dress or masquerade wear, while the term fashion means clothing generally, and the study of it. For a broad cross-cultural look at clothing and its place in society, refer to the entries for clothing, costume, and fabrics. A. Couture Beginnings The first fashion designer who was not merely a dressmaker was Charles Frederick Worth (1826–1895). Before the former draper set up his maison de couture (fashion house) in Paris, clothing design and creation was handled by largely anonymous seamstresses, and high fashion descended from styles worn at royal courts. Worths success was such that he was able to dictate to his customers what they should wear, instead of following their lead as earlier dressmakers had done. B. Early Twentieth Century Throughout the early 20th century, practically all high fashion originated in Paris and to a lesser extent London. Fashion magazines from other countries sent editors to the Paris fashion shows. Department stores sent buyers to the Paris shows, where they purchased garments to copy (and openly stole the style lines and trim details of others). Both made-to-measure salons and ready-to-wear departments featured the latest Paris trends, adapted to the stores assumptions about the lifestyles and pocket books of their targeted customers. 1990s * The outfits worn by the fashionable women of the Belle Époque (as this  era was called by theFrench) were strikingly similar to those worn in the heyday of the fashion pioneer Charles Worth. By the end of the 19th-century, the horizons of the fashion industry had generally broadened, partly due to the more stable and independent lifestyle many well-off women were beginning to adopt and the practical clothes they demanded. However, the fashions of the La Belle Époque still retained the elaborate, upholstered, hourglass-shaped style of the 19th century. As of yet, no fashionable lady could (or would) dress or undress herself without the assistance of a third party. The constant need for radical change, which is now essential for the survival of fashion within the present system, was still literally unthinkable. The use of different trimmings were all that distinguished one season from the other. 1910s * During the early years of the 1910s the fashionable silhouette became much more lithe, fluid and soft than in the 19th century. When the Ballets Russes performedScheherazade in Paris in 1910, a craze for Orientalism ensued. The couturier Paul Poiret was one of the first designers to translate this vogue into the fashion world. Poirets clients were at once transformed into harem girls in flowing pantaloons, turbans, and vivid colors and geishas in exotic kimono. Paul Poiret also devised the first outfit which women could put on without the help of a maid. The Art Deco movement began to emerge at this time and its influence was evident in the designs of many couturiers of the time. Simple felt hats, turbans, and clouds of tulle replaced the styles of headgear popular in the 20th century. It is also notable that the first real fashion shows were organized during this period in time, by Jeanne Paquin, one of the first female couturiers, who was also the first Parisian couturier to open foreign branches in London, Buenos Aires, and Madrid.

Morphology :: MOO Teaching Technology Education Essays

Morphology "Everything we experience today in the mode of a limit, or as foreign, or as intolerable will have returned to the serenity of the positive. And whatever currently designates this exteriority to us may well one day designate us. Only the enigma of this exteriority will remain" --- Michel Foucault If the architecture of MOOs replicates real-life places like classrooms, we can be assured that real-life problems exist there, too. Educators need to be aware of how and in what forms these problems take shape online, in addition to knowing how to handle them. It is not easy to find answers in the mountains of popular culture hype and mass media reports on the Internet. Depending on what magazines and newspapers you read, Internet technology is either the salvation or the demise of civilization. Certainly the rapid growth of access to the Internet has parents and educators wringing their hands over how to protect children and students online from some of the same dangers they face in the physical world. Yet one of the most encouraging aspects of the growth and scope of the Internet is the opportunity for all of us to contribute to the social construction of ethical guidelines in the development and use of Internet-based technologies in educational settings. There is a fine line between giving students the latitude to be creative online and setting them loose with no ethical boundaries whatsoever. Just as in traditional classroom settings, common sense and proper preparation go a long way toward anticipating problems and resolving them. It is not necessary to blame the whole of cyberspace and thereby throw the virtual baby out with the virtual bathwater. There are ways to manage the "fluidity" associated with identity, speed, and open access on the Internet. We need to avoid the rhetoric of negative cyber-hyper and engage instead in productive discussion about the Internet in terms of its positive impact on individual and collective lives. Especially with respect to the use of Internet technology in education, we should do so rhetorically, going slowly, doing our homework, so to speak, before we make claims about the dangers of the Internet. Secondly, and perhaps less metaphorically, real-time teaching also creates real-time homework for teachers. The MOO will change the way you relate to your students, and teachers may find that they must give up their 'principle orientation' toward the individual student (Porter). Teletechnology mixes new modes of intelligibility (and new codes of behavior) with new pedagogical contracts between teacher and student, and it also effectively 'outs' the faculty in ways that they may find unnerving.

Business Meta-Ethics: an Analysis of Two Theories

Article Review? In the article â€Å"Business Meta-Ethics: An Analysis of two theories† written by â€Å"F. Neil Brandy and Craig P. Dunn† he has examined the two popular theories of ethics viz. traditional ethical theory (utilitarianism and deontological) and a recent model (consisting of utility, rights, justice). The writer differentiates and supports the traditional ethical theory by giving facts and practical examples. The writer starts the article by saying that presenting an ethical theory is impulsive. But, no doubt the theory of deontology and utilitarianism by Kant can’t be ignored.Many writers have added several other perspectives like egoism, virtue theory, theories of justice, rights, universalism, ethical relativism, ethics of caring etc. so, the writer says that the foundations of ethics are not secure. Humans are complex creatures and are hard to understand. No one theory will be able to prove it. Conversely, it would be quite interesting to under stand human behavior from different perspectives. After that the writer explains the human behavior by giving a very interesting example of automobile engine.He says that the engines have benefited by over and over refinement, but the fundamental design that came early (piston, turbine, electric etc. ) were not altered. Similarly, we need to make some fundamental decisions related to the basic understanding of a human behavior instead of hindering it. The main purpose of the writer is to focus and assess two dominant ethical theories for the managers. The first one is the â€Å"traditional ethical theory† viz. Kant’s theories of deontology and utilitarianism (DU) that have been considered competing but the recent research shows that they are complementing, not competing to each other.Kantian deontology and utilitarianism provides the ideals for decision making. The second one is the recent model of â€Å"utility-rights-justice model† (URJ). It opposes that there are three instead of two main requirements that completes the ethical business decision making namely, questions of utility, questions of rights and questions of justice. The writer intends to claim the precedence of traditional DU model. He proceeds by discussing three important points. First, that the URJ model can easily be simplified into the DU model. Second, he presents 3 practical cases to prove the superiority of DU model.Third, is the difference between universals and particulars. The writer explains the DU model first; he says that this model is often cited as dominant theory for application in business ethics. Other writers like Pastin (1986) say that this model is quite useful from a practical point of view. Pastin says that the two views â€Å"rule ethics† and â€Å"end-point ethics† are both included in his tool box for handling the hard problems of management. In 1985, Brady proposed a â€Å"Janus Headed† relationship of deontology and utilitaria nism are complementary and taken together, a reasonably comprehensive model of managerial decision making.In 1992, Cody and Lynn presented this idea in their book â€Å"honest Govt. † By saying that in real life, none of us is exclusively utilitarian or deontological. Our personal values reflect a mix of these view points, depending on issue. Sometimes we act solely as a matter of principle and sometimes we act practically utilitarian. Then the writer evaluates the URJ model. He says that this model attempted to act on the need to evaluate the political behavior in organizations. So, they made the 3 basic types of moral theories: utility, rights and justice. They urged that this model could be applied to political uses of power in organizations†.Two years later, Velasquez combined this model into his well-known book â€Å"Business ethics: Concept and Cases. Where he argued that the philosophy of Kant supplied â€Å"a more satisfied foundation for moral rights and he a dded a short discussion of categorical imperative with his claim. After introducing both the models, the writer gives the argument for the supremacy of DU model. Writer says that the URJ model abandons the deontological theory of Kant. It relies on the lesser known works The Metaphysical Elements of Justice (1797). Why did they cite Kant for his work on human rights but not cite him for his much important.And he says that the 3 basic kinds of moral theories; utilitarian, rights and justice seems imperfect. Writer says that the DU model encapsulates much of the URJ model. First, the issues of individual rights and duties are included under Kant’s deontological ethical theory. The DU model merges the rights and duties. Where one has rights, others have duties. Kant argues that the duties are strategically more important. Duties not only include duties to each other, but duties to family, community and environment. Certain duties are can’t be converted into someoneâ€℠¢s rights like paying taxes and towards environment.So, the idea of moral duty is more comprehensive than the individual right. DU model also encapsulates the justice prescription. URJ model says that the organizational rules must be clearly stated and consistently and impartially enforced. And the people must not be held responsible for the things they cannot control, if people are injured, the injuries must be compensated by those who are responsible for the injuries. The writer says that the same things are suggested by the existing theories and there is no need to for separate theories of justice.So, the URJ model is incomplete, as it neglects the historical deontological theory and it requires 3 categories, when only 2 are necessary. Now the writer illustrates by three short cases. 1. Political clout In this when there are to proposals that are equally at merit. So the dilemma is to be resolved procedurally. Now, on applicant applies pressure and succeeds in influencing the cho ice. For a utilitarian point of view, the decision makers did was wrong in the long term because it sets an example and it may encourage political behavior and risk the integrity of organization.A fair way would be to flip a coin. So the DU model gives a simple and appropriate analysis of case, without separate theories of justice. 2. Letter of recommendation Now a manager has to write a letter of recommendation for a problem employee. Now, he wants to be honest but it would be nice for a voluntary employee exit. If you look at it with a URJ model, utility would want a positive letter, because it would benefit the org. if we look at the rights, then the employee has the right to expect appraisal or not. In contrast to the DU model can do a better job, as the moral duty is to be honest. 3.Making an offer Suppose there is a position open at an org. and the supervisor responsible for it knows the exact person required for the job but the co. policies says to announce and publicize all openings, giving everyone a chance to apply. Should the manager open the chance or make an offer? Utility would say to make an offer but that will ignore company’s policy. So a deontological approach will recommend opening the search. So now, there’s no dilemma. But when we talk about the URJ model, then the dilemma will arise because of duty and utility conflict. After that the writer tells us about the status f universals and particulars in ethics. Deontological ethics thinks that all ethical prescriptions can be expressed as universal obligations. Rough examples include â€Å"do not kill’ and â€Å"always tell the truth†. Such principles try to observe the ways in which all humans can be alike. While, utilitarianism is a situational ethics. It requires that we attend to particularities of human living in case we fail to achieve good ends. In the conclusion the writer says that the advantages of DU model includes that it provides a genuine theory and l ays a secure foundation in the field of business ethics.The DU model has a relation to hold among the two variables of complement. Another advantage includes Kant’s universalizability. The writer has addressed the topic very nicely and has used a lot of references to prove and support his argument. But still I didn’t find the article very clear and it was confusing at times. The part of the article where he says that the moral duty is more strategic than individual right is not very persuasive. The writer didn’t end the 3 illustrations clearly. Otherwise, the writer explained the differences and advantages of DU model over URJ model very smoothly.